This book includes an analysis of Japan's challenges in moving toward an environmentally sustainable society. "Part I: Postwar Japan Pollution and the Fukushima Nuclear Accident" focuses on the history of Japanese pollution after World War II and the situation of the Fukushima nuclear accident. "Part II: Toward Sustainable Development of Natural Resource-based Economies" focuses on the agricultural sector. It introduces the current status of environment-friendly production. There is very little information in English that comprehensively introduces the situation in Japan in this field, and the content meets the needs of readers seeking information.